Reproductive Advantages for Common Loons Using Rafts |
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| Authors: | CHRISTOPHER R DESORBO KATE M TAYLOR DAVID E KRAMAR JEFF FAIR JOHN H COOLEY JR DAVID C EVERS WILLIAM HANSON HARRY S VOGEL JONATHAN L ATWOOD |
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| Institution: | 1. Loon Preservation Committee, 183 Lee's Mills Road, P.O. Box 604, Moultonborough, NH 03254, USA;2. Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Environmental and Watershed Research, 104 Norman Smith Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;3. Fairwinds Wildlife Services, P.O. Box 2947, Palmer, AK 99645, USA;4. BioDiversity Research Institute, 19 Flaggy Meadow Road, Gorham, ME 04038, USA;5. FPL Energy Maine Hydro, 150 Main Street, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA;6. Loon Preservation Committee, 183 Lee's Mills Road, P.O. Box 604, Moultonborough, NH03254, USA;7. Antioch New England Graduate School, Department of Environmental Studies, 40 Avon Street, Keene, NH 03431–3516, USA |
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| Abstract: | Abstract: Artificial nesting islands, or rafts, are often deployed in common loon (Gavia immer) breeding territories to decrease negative impacts of mammalian predation and water-level fluctuations on nesting success. The management value of rafts has been demonstrated in other studies; however, no published studies have quantified the use or associated reproductive benefits of rafts on lakes exhibiting water-level fluctuations. These lakes constitute a major portion of loon nesting habitat in New England and the Midwest. We used long-term data sets from loon survey and raft management efforts on lakes with stable (SWL) and fluctuating water levels (FWL) in New Hampshire and Maine, USA, to compare raft-use patterns on both types of lakes. We then modeled the influence of percentage of nesting attempts on rafts, lake fluctuation type, and human development index on nesting success as a function of the number of nesting attempts. Loons used 76% of all rafts for nesting, and initial use patterns were similar between SWL and FWL lakes. Half (51%) of rafts used for nesting were first used during the initial year of deployment and 90% of those used were used by the third year. Based on our model, we would expect to see an 8.6% increase in nesting success associated with each successive categorical increase in raft use (0–33%, 33–60%, 60–100%). Nesting success varied with lake fluctuation type, increasing by 21.4% from FWL to SWL types. Our model estimated a 12.8% decrease in nesting success associated with an increasing human development index. Naturally nesting loons on FWL lakes are likely to display mean nesting success levels lower than those needed to sustain populations. We suggest that natural nesting habitat on lakes with fluctuating water levels during the loon nesting season may constitute an ecological trap warranting consideration of raft management. Findings in this study are germane for managing breeding loon populations, particularly those on reservoirs requiring permits from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. |
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| Keywords: | artificial nesting island common loon Gavia immer nesting success raft reservoirs water-level fluctuations |
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