Neogene diversification in the temperate lichen-forming fungal genus Parmelia (Parmeliaceae,Ascomycota) |
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Authors: | M Carmen Molina Pradeep K Divakar Trevor Goward Ana M Millanes H Thorsten Lumbsch Ana Crespo |
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Institution: | 1. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica (área de Biodiversidad y Conservación), ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spaincarmen.molina@urjc.es;3. Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;4. UBC Herbarium, Beaty Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;5. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica (área de Biodiversidad y Conservación), ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain;6. Science and Education, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA |
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Abstract: | The lichen-forming genus Parmelia Acharius occurs worldwide but its centre of distribution is in the northern hemisphere and it is widespread in boreal-temperate Eurasia and North America. Recent molecular work on Parmelia has identified phylogenetic relationships within two major groups of the genus: P. saxatilis s. lat. and P. sulcata s. lat. However, little is known about the diversification and historical biogeography of these groups. Here we have used a dataset of two genetic markers and 64 samples to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Parmelia. The dated phylogeny provides evidence for major diversification during the Neogene and Pleistocene. These diversification events are probably correlated with climatic changes during these periods. Evidence of gene flow within species between populations from North America and Europe has been found in three species: P. sulcata Taylor, P. saxatilis (L.) Acharius and P. barrenoae Divakar, M.C. Molina & A. Crespo. Cryptic species recently segregated on the basis of molecular differences (P. encryptata A. Crespo, Divakar & M.C. Molina vs. P. sulcata and P. saxatilis vs. P. mayi Divakar, A. Crespo & M.C. Molina) do not share a common ancestor. Moreover, the P. saxatilis complex is remarkably diverse. Two morphotypes of P. saxatilis s. lat. were shown to represent independent monophyletic lineages. Consequently, two species (P. sulymae Goward, Divakar, & M.C. Molina & A. Crespo and P. imbricaria Goward, Divakar, M.C. Molina & A. Crespo) are newly described here. |
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Keywords: | biogeographic distribution diversification evolution model Neogene Parmelia phenotypic plasticity phylogenetic relationship |
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