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X Chromosomal Variation Is Associated with Slow Progression to AIDS in HIV-1-Infected Women |
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| Authors: | Roman A Siddiqui Ulrike Sauermann Janine Altmüller Michael Nothnagel Jacques Fellay Christiane Stahl-Hennig Michael Krawczak |
| Institution: | 1 Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research—Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany 2 German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 3 Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany 4 Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany 5 Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA 6 Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany 7 Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany |
| Abstract: | AIDS has changed from a mostly male-specific health problem to one that predominantly affects females. Although sex differences in HIV-1 susceptibility are beyond doubt, the extent to which sex affects the onset and progression of AIDS has remained elusive. Here, we provide evidence for an influence of X chromosomal variation on the course of retroviral infection, both in HIV-1-infected patients and in the rhesus macaque model of AIDS. A two-stage, microsatellite-based GWAS of SIV-infected monkeys revealed MHC class I markers and a hitherto-unknown X chromosomal locus as being associated with a nominal score measuring progression to AIDS (Fisher''s exact p < 10−6). The X chromosomal association was subsequently confirmed in HIV-1-infected patients with published SNP genotype data. SNP rs5968255, located at human Xq21.1 in a conserved sequence element near the RPS6KA6 and CYLC1 genes, was identified as a significant genetic determinant of disease progression in females (ANOVA p = 8.8 × 10−5), but not in males (p = 0.19). Heterozygous female carriers of the C allele showed significantly slower CD4 cell decline and a lower viral load at set point than TT homozygous females and than males. Inspection of HapMap revealed that the CT genotype is significantly more frequent among Asians than among Europeans or Africans. Our results suggest that, in addition to the individual innate and adaptive immunity status, sex-linked genetic variation impacts upon the rate of progression to AIDS. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying this sex-specific effect will promote the development of antiretroviral therapies with high efficacy in both sexes. |
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