Structure and function of the chloroplast cytochrome bf complex

The chloroplast cytochrome bf complex is an intrinsic multisubunit protein from the thylakoid membrane consisting of four polypeptides: cytochrome f, a two heme containing cytochrome b ₆, the Rieske iron-sulfur protein, and a 17 kD polypeptide of undefined function. The complex functions in electron transfer between PSII and PSI, where most mechanisms suggest that the transfer of a single reducing equivalent from plastoquinol to plastocyanin results in the translocation of two protons across the membrane. Primary sequence analyses, dichroism studies, and functional considerations allow the construction of an approximate structural model of a monomeric complex, although some evidence exists for a dimeric structure. Resolution of the properties of the two cytochrome b ₆ hemes has relied upon the availability of purified solubilized complex, while evidence in the thylakoid suggests the difference between the two hemes are not as great in situ. Such variability in the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the cytochrome b ₆ is a major concern during the experimental use of the purified complex. There is a general consensus that the complex contains a plastoquinol oxidizing (Q_z) site, although the evidence for a plastoquinone reduction (Q_c) site, called for in most mechanistic hypotheses, is less substantive. Probably the most severe challenge to the so called Q-cycle mechanism comes from experimental observations made with cytochrome b ₆ initially reduced, where proposed interpretations more closely resemble a b-cycle than a Q-cycle. Although functional during cyclic electron transfer, the role of the complex and its possible interaction with other proteins, has not been completely resolved.Abbreviations Cytochrome b _H high potential cytochrome b ₆ - Cytochrome b _L low potential cytochrome b ₆ - DBMIB 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone - DNP-INT 2-iodo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-2,4,4-trinitrodiphenyl ether - FNR ferredoxin:NADP oxidoreductase - HQNO 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide - NQNO 2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide - Q_c quinone binding site on the cytochrome bf complex near the outside of the thylakoid membrane, alternatively designated centre i or centre r - Q_z quinone binding site on the cytochrome bf complex near the inside of the thylakoid membrane, alternatively designated centre o