Discrimination of insect wingbeat-frequencies by the batRhinolophus ferrumequinum

Summary Five Greater Horseshoe bats,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, were trained in a two-alternative forced-choice procedure to discriminate between artificial echoes of insects fluttering at different wingbeat rates. The stimuli were electronically produced phantom targets simulating fluttering insects with various wingbeat frequencies (Figs. 3, 4). Difference thresholds for wingbeat rates of 50 Hz and 100 Hz were determined. For an S+ of 50 Hz the difference threshold values lay between 2.8 and 4.6 Hz for individual bats; with an S+ of 100 Hz they increased to between 9.8 and 12.0 Hz (Figs. 5, 6, Table 1).Three bats, previously trained to discriminate between a S+ of 50 Hz and a S– with a lower wingbeat rate, were tested with higher frequency stimuli. When they had to decide between their old S+ of 50 Hz and either a 60 or 70 Hz echo two bats continued to select the 50 Hz stimulus while the third bat now preferred the faster fluttering insects (Table 2).During the discrimination task the echolocation behavior of the bats was monitored. When the phantom targets were presented all bats increased their duty-cycle of sound emission from about 40% to sometimes near 70%. They did so by either emitting longer echolocation calls or by increasing the sound repetition rate (Figs. 7, 8).The results show that Greater Horseshoe bats can determine the wingbeat rate of flying insects with an accuracy between 6 and 12%. Possible cues for flutter rate determination by cf-fm bats from natural and artificial insect echoes are discussed.Abbreviations DC duty-cycle - PD pulse duration - PI pulse interval - cf constantfrequency - fm frequency modulation