PGE2 exerts its effect on the LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha, ET-1, IL-1alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 via the EP2 and EP4 receptor in rat liver macrophages

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, endothelin (ET)-1, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 in rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Prostaglandin (PG)E2 inhibits the release of the fibrogenic mediators TNF-alpha, ET-1 and IL-1alpha, and enhances the release of the anti-fibrogenic mediators IL-6 and IL-10. This effect of PGE2 is mimicked by specific agonists for the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4; whereas, agonists for the PGE2 receptors EP1 and EP3 are inactive. Rat liver macrophages express mRNA encoding the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 but not the PGE2 receptors EP1 and EP3. These data suggest that PGE2 exerts its anti-fibrogenic effect through the EP2 and EP4 receptor by inhibiting the release of the fibrogenic mediators TNF-alpha, ET-1 and IL-1alpha, and by enhancing the release of the anti-fibrogenic mediators IL-6 and IL-10 in liver macrophages.