Ginkgo,fennel, and flaxseed can affect hormone release by porcine ovarian cells and modulate the effect of toluene |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Constantine The Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia;2. Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;3. Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;1. Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Curitibanos, SC, Brazil;2. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA;3. Laboratório de Reprodução Animal Assis Roberto de Bem, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brazil;4. Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada;5. Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Reprodução Animal (BIOREP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;1. Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;2. Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;3. General practitioners’ group Epione, Edegem, Belgium;4. Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;5. Department of Cardiology ZNA Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium;6. Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium;1. Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China;2. Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China;1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai 201102; P.R. China |
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| Abstract: | Experimental studies have documented the toxic effects of toluene on the mammalian female reproductive processes. The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the potential of functional food plant extracts, namely, of ginkgo, fennel, and flaxseed, in modifying the toluene-induced effects on ovarian hormone release. Porcine granulosa cells were incubated with ginkgo, fennel, or flaxseed extracts (0, 1, 10, or 100 µg/mL) and/or toluene (10 µg/mL). Enzyme immunoassays were used in order to measure the release of progesterone (P), oxytocin (OT), and prostaglandin F (PGF) in the culture media. Toluene suppressed the release of P and enhanced the release of OT and PGF. All tested plant extracts reduced P and increased OT release, while the PGF output was found inhibited by ginkgo and stimulated by fennel and flaxseed. When the cells were incubated with toluene and each one of the plant extracts, toluene was able to prevent their action on P release, as well as those of fennel and flaxseed on OT and PGF release. Moreover, ginkgo enhanced but fennel or flaxseed prevented the toluene-induced effects on OT and PGF release. These observations (i) document novel aspects of the toluene-induced toxicity; (ii) demonstrate the direct influence of ginkgo, fennel, and flaxseed extracts on the ovarian secretory activity; (iii) inform our understanding of the interrelationship between toluene and the tested plant extracts with regard to their effects on ovarian hormone release; (iiii) demonstrate the ability of fennel and flaxseed to prevent adverse effect of toluene on ovarian hormones. |
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| Keywords: | Toluene Plant extracts Ovary Steroid hormones Granulosa cells |
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