基于防灾目标的城市公园空间结构及合理性评价——邻域法在长春市的应用

防灾公园作为重要的空间要素之一,是城市应急避难场所建设的主要形式.基于防灾目标,运用邻域法对长春市公园布局合理性进行评价.结果表明:研究区防灾公园的空间分布不均衡,西北部密集、东南部稀疏,呈现出同一等级防灾公园集中分布、不同等级防灾公园分散分布的空间格局.防灾公园避难有效性较低.50%以上公园人均避难面积不足,近40%公园可达性超过最长避难时间.不同等级防灾公园的避难有效性存在显著差异,中心防灾公园最高、固定防灾公园次之、紧急防灾公园最差.针对长春市防灾公园布局不合理情况提出以下主要建议:不同等级防灾公园可采用镶嵌式的空间布局模式;公园设置标准应与人口分布趋势相对应;加强紧急防灾公园建设.

Evaluation on spatial structure and rationality of city parks based on goal of disaster prevention: An application of proximal area method in Changchun,China.

Urban shelter parks as one of the important urban elements are a main form of emergency shelters for a city. This study evaluated the spatial distribution of urban parks in Changchun City with the proximal area method based on disaster prevention goal. Results showed that the spatial distribution of urban shelter parks was unbalanced, with high concentration in the northwest and low concentration in the southeast. The spatial distribution of urban shelter parks of the same grade was concentrated, but the different grades were scattered. The validity of urban shelter parks was low. More than 50% of the park’s per capita refuge area was insufficient. For nearly 40% of the parks, their accessibility was longer than the longest evacuation time. There were significant differences in effectiveness for urban parks of different grades. The urban shelter parks for central disaster prevention were the best, followed by the designated urban shelter parks, whereas urban shelter parks for emergency disaster prevention were the least effective. In view of the layout unreasonable situation of disaster prevention parks in Changchun City, we made following recommendations: the spatial distribution of nesting urban shelter parks with different grades should be used; standards set for urban shelter parks should evolve with population; and the construction of urban shelter parks for emergency disaster prevention should be strengthened.