Optimizing nitrogen supply promotes biomass,physiological characteristics and yield components of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) |
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| Authors: | Muhammad Saleem Kubar Akhtar Hussain Shar Kashif Ali Kubar Nadir Ali Rind Hidayat Ullah Shahmir Ali Kalhoro Chao Wang Meichen Feng Asadullah Gujar Hui Sun Wude Yang Hesham El Enshasy Marian Brestic Marek Zivcak Peter Ondrisik Bandar S. Aljuaid Ahmed M. El-Shehawi Mohammad Javed Ansari |
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| Affiliation: | 1. College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, PR China;2. Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Technology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh, Pakistan;3. Faculty of Agriculture, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal 90150, Baluchistan, Pakistan;4. Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;5. City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Burg Al-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;6. Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;7. Department of Environment and Zoology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia;8. Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;9. Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly) India |
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| Abstract: | Avoidable or inappropriate nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates harmfully affect the yield production and ecological value. Therefore, the aims of this study were to optimize the rate and timings of N fertilizer to maximize yield components and photosynthetic parameter of soybean. This field experiment consists of five fertilizer N rates: 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg N ha−1 arranged in main plots and four N fertilization timings: V5 (trifoliate leaf), R2 (full flowering stage) and R4 (full poding stage), and R6 (full seeding stage) growth stages organized as subplots. Results revealed that 225 kg N ha−1 significantly enhanced grain yield components, total chlorophyll (Chl), photosynthetic rate (PN), and total dry biomass and N accumulation by 20%, 16%, 28%, 7% and 12% at R4 stage of soybean. However, stomatal conductance (gs), leaf area index (LAI), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (E) were increased by 12%, 88%, 10%, 18% at R6 stage under 225 kg N ha−1. Grain yield was significantly associated with photosynthetic characteristics of soybean. In conclusion, the amount of nitrogen 225 kg ha−1 at R4 and R6 stages effectively promoted the yield components and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean. |
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| Keywords: | Grain yield Nitrogen rates Photosynthetic characteristics Timing Ci" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0030" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," $$" :[{" #name" :" __text__" ," _" :" intercellular CO" },{" #name" :" inf" ," $" :{" loc" :" post" }," _" :" 2" },{" #name" :" __text__" ," _" :" concentration DW" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0040" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" dry weight g" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0050" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" grams GNP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0060" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" grain number per pod gs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0070" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" stomatal conductance GM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0080" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" grain mass GY" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0090" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" grain yield J" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0100" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" journal LAI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0110" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" leaf area index PN" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0120" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" photosynthetic rate PNP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0130" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" pod number per plant PPFD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0140" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" photosynthetic photon flux density R2, R4 and R6" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0150" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" reproductive stage TCC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0160" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" total chlorophyll contents TN" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0170" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" total nitrogen E" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0180" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" transpiration rate V5" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0190" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Vegetative stage of five trifoliate leaf |
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