Biochemistry of D-aspartate in mammalian cells |
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Authors: | H Homma |
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Institution: | (1) Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan |
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Abstract: | Summary. Recent investigations have shown that D-aspartate (D-Asp) plays an important physiological role(s) in the mammalian body.
Here, several recent studies of free D-Asp metabolism in mammals, focusing on cellular localization in tissues, intracellular
localization, biosynthesis, efflux, uptake and degradation are reviewed.
D-Asp in mammalian tissues is present in specific cells, indicating the existence of specific molecular components that regulate
D-Asp levels and localization in tissues. In the rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) and its subclones, D-Asp is synthesized
intracellularly, most likely by Asp racemase(s). Endogenous D-Asp apparently has two different intracellular localization
patterns: cytoplasmic and vesicular. In PC12 cells, D-Asp release can occur through three distinct pathways: 1) spontaneous,
continuous release of cytoplasmic D-Asp, which is not associated with a specific stimulus; 2) release of cytoplasmic D-Asp
via a volume-sensitive organic anion channel that connects the cytoplasm and extracellular space; 3) exocytotic discharge
of vesicular D-Asp. Under certain conditions, D-Asp can be released via a mechanism that involves the L-Glu transporter. D-Asp
is thus apparently in dynamic flux at the cellular level to carry out its physiological function(s) in mammals. |
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Keywords: | : D-Aspartate – Localization – Biosynthesis – Efflux – Uptake – Degradation |
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