The polyphosphate bodies of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possess a proton-pumping pyrophosphatase and are similar to acidocalcisomes

Acidocalcisomes are acidic calcium storage compartments described initially in trypanosomatid and apicomplexan parasites. In this work, we describe organelles with properties similar to acidocalcisomes in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nigericin and NH(4)Cl released (45)Ca(2+) from preloaded permeabilized cells, suggesting the incorporation of a significant amount of this cation into an acidic compartment. X-ray microanalysis of the electron-dense vacuoles or polyphosphate bodies of C. reinhardtii showed large amounts of phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and zinc. Immunofluorescence microscopy, using antisera raised against a peptide sequence of the vacuolar type proton pyrophosphatase (H(+)-PPase) of Arabidopsis thaliana which is conserved in the C. reinhardtii enzyme, indicated localization in the plasma membrane, in intracellular vacuoles, and the contractile vacuole where it colocalized with the vacuolar proton ATPase (V-H(+)-ATPase). Purification of the electron-dense vacuoles using iodixanol density gradients indicated a preferential localization of the H(+)-PPase and the V-H(+)-ATPase activities in addition to high concentrations of PP(i) and short and long chain polyphosphate, but lack of markers for mitochondria and chloroplasts. In isolated electron-dense vacuoles, PP(i)-driven proton translocation was stimulated by potassium ions and inhibited by the PP(i) analog aminomethylenediphosphonate. Potassium fluoride, imidodiphosphate, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and N-ethylmaleimide also inhibited PP(i) hydrolysis in the isolated organelles in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the electron-dense vacuoles of C. reinhardtii are very similar to acidocalcisomes with regard to their chemical composition and the presence of proton pumps. Polyphosphate was also localized to the contractile vacuole by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, suggesting, with the immunochemical data, a link between these organelles and the acidocalcisomes.