Genotoxicity of cocoa examined by microbial and mammalian systems |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratoire de biologie cellulaire et moléculaire. Faculté de médecine dentaire. Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisie;2. Unité de Substances Naturelles Bioactives et Biotechnologie « UR12ES12 ». Faculté de pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisie;1. Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kufa University, Najaf, Iraq;2. Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kufa University, Najaf, Iraq;3. School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, 7001, Australia;1. Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA;2. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA;3. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden;4. Member RIFM Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA;5. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany;6. Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil;7. Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany;8. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA;9. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA;10. Member of RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA;11. Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996- 4500, USA;12. Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA;13. Member RIFM Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan;1. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;2. College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, South Korea;3. Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
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| Abstract: | Unroasted or roasted cocoa powder dispersed in water and applied to Chinese hamsters by stomach tube caused elevated numbers of SCEs in the sister-chromatid exchange test (bone-marrow cells). Roasted cocoa freed from rat produced distinctly higher SCE values with a linear dose—response relationship, whereas cocoa butter had no influence on SCE levels. Positive results in the SCE test (1.5-fold values of the controls) were obtained after application of about 5 g cocoa/kg b.w. Presumably, because of the smaller quantities that could be administered in this way, positive test results were not found when cocoa was given in the diet instead of being administered by stomach tube. Cocoa from which theobromine was extracted by chloroform did not affect SCE levels. Pure theobromine increased SCE levels in a dose-dependent way. Theobromine was also positive in the micronucleus test at 2 × 40 mg/animal and negative in the chromosome aberration test at 1 × 40 mg/animal. Cocoa and the theobromine were negative in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test both with and without metabolic activation. |
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