Utilization of a novel recombinant myoglobin fusion protein expression system to characterize the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-4 and TIMP-2 C-terminal domain and tails by mutagenesis. The importance of acidic residues in binding the MMP-2 hemopexin C-domain

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-4 binds pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and efficiently inhibits MT1-MMP, but unlike TIMP-2 neither forms a trimolecular complex nor supports pro-MMP-2 activation. To investigate the structural and functional differences between these two TIMPs, the C-terminal domains (C-TIMP-4 and C-TIMP-2) were expressed independently from their N domains and mutations were introduced into the C-terminal tails. Myoglobin was used as a novel recombinant fusion protein partner because spectroscopic measurement of the heme Soret absorbance at 408 nm readily enabled calculation of the molar equivalent of the red-colored recombinant protein, even in complex protein mixtures. Both C-TIMP-4 and C-TIMP-2 bound pro-MMP-2 and blocked concanavalin A-induced cellular activation of the enzyme. Measurement of k(on) rates revealed that the inhibition of MMP-2 by TIMP-4 is preceded by a C domain docking interaction, but in contrast to TIMP-2, this is not enhanced by a C-terminal tail interaction and so occurs at a slower rate. Indeed, the binding stability of C-TIMP-4 was unaltered by deletion of the C-terminal tail, but replacement with the tail of TIMP-2 increased its affinity for pro-MMP-2 by approximately 2-fold, as did substitution with the TIMP-2 C-terminal tail acidic residues in the tail of C-TIMP-4 (V193E/Q194D). Conversely, substitution of the C-terminal tail of C-TIMP-2 with that of TIMP-4 reduced pro-MMP-2 binding by approximately 75%, as did reduction of its acidic character by mutation to the corresponding TIMP-4 amino acid residues (E192V/D193Q). Together, this shows the importance of Glu(192) and Asp(193) in TIMP-2 binding to pro-MMP-2; the lack of these acidic residues in the TIMP-4 C-terminal tail, which reduces the stability of complex formation with the MMP-2 hemopexin C domain, probably precludes TIMP-4 from supporting the activation of pro-MMP-2.