Predation on brown hare and ring-necked pheasant populations in southern Sweden

Predation on brown hares and pheasants in relation to their production was examined in an open field area in southern Sweden. Biomass and numbers of hares and pheasants eaten by the predators were calculated from data on food habits, food requirements, and numbers of the mammalian and avian predators present (11 species). At the same time estimates of numbers and production of hares and pheasants were obtained. At least 40% of the estimated annual production of hares and almost 60% of subadult-adult pheasants in autumn were consumed by the predators. Estimated numbers of hares and pheasants taken by the predators greatly exceeded shooting and road mortality. Foxes and cats were the predominant predators on hares (about 90% of total hare consumption). Foxes accounted for about two-thirds of predation on pheasants; cats and goshawks were of secondary importance. Pheasant nests were preyed upon by hooded crows and also by badgers. Hares and pheasants contributed only about 3 and 1%, respectively, of the food of the predators.