Hormonal control of urodele reproductive behavior

Hormonal control of expression of courtship behavior and of development of structures related to the reproductive behavior in two species of Japanese newts, Cynops pyrrhogaster and Cynops ensicauda, was described. Prolactin (PRL) and androgen were essential factors for eliciting courtship behavior. In addition, arginine vasotocin markedly enhanced the expression of courtship behavior. PRL induced migration to water, in which courtship and oviposition take place, and converted the integument from the terrestrial type to the aquatic one. PRL also stimulated the growth of the tail fin, which was blocked by estrogen. Cellular and nuclear size and number of synapses on the somata of Mauthner cells, which are involved in tail movement, were also increased by PRL and androgen. Synthesis of sodefrin, a female-attracting pheromone, in the abdominal gland as well as that of mucopolysaccharides constituting the sac of sperm in the lateral gland was enhanced by PRL and androgen. Structural development of oviducts was elicited by estrogen or PRL to a certain extent, and full oviducal development by the combination of these two hormones, PRL being indispensable for the oviducal jelly secretion.