Electrostatic deformation of DNA by a DNA-binding protein

Complementary electrostatic interactions between negatively charged B-DNA and a positively charged array on the lambda Cro repressor protein are shown to substantially contribute to the formation energy of sequence-specific and nonspecific Cro-DNA complexes. The electrostatic interactions favor Cro binding to a bent form of DNA, a geometry which optimizes hydrogen-bonding contacts between Cro and exposed base pair groups in the DNA major groove.