Healing small-scale fisheries by facilitating complex socio-ecological systems |
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Authors: | Timothy R McClanahan Juan Carlos Castilla Alan T White Omar Defeo |
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Institution: | (1) Marine Programs, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA;(2) Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ecología y Biodiversidad. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile;(3) Global Marine Initiative—The Nature Conservancy, Honolulu, HI, USA;(4) Facultad de Ciencias, UNDECIMAR, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay;(5) DINARA, Constituyente 1497, Montevideo, Uruguay |
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Abstract: | The current global fisheries crises have immense implications for the health and viability of animal populations, as well
as the ecosystems and habitats that support this biodiversity. These crises have provoked a wide variety of management solutions
and alternatives that are closely aligned with other small-scale resource extraction conservation approaches, but have been
analyzed separately from the common-pool resource management literature. We summarize findings from an analysis of progressive
small-scale fisheries worldwide and find that solutions arise from a historical trial and error management process as problems
become dire. We find high success in the social organization and regulation of resources among these progressive fisheries
but poor evidence for improved ecosystems. Based on evidence provided by the most progressive fisheries, we suggest a change
in policy towards the management of small-scale fisheries. This change includes four major avenues of problem solving that
focus on facilitating socio-ecological processes rather than primarily promoting a high level of quantitative science and
implementing findings, technological concepts, or tools. Adoption is often culturally and context specific and, therefore,
the above often have poor success when not socially integrated. We encourage facilitating and catalyzing local-level adoption
of rules that create limits to appropriation and technology, since it is increasingly recognized that such limits are key
solutions to the threats. This will be achieved if policy and actions (1) encourage professionalism (formation of “societies”,
setting standards, certification, self-policing, appropriate technology, etc.), (2) create forums where all opinions about
solutions, the status of targeted species, and environmental requirements are represented, (3) promote social rules that consider
the realities and limits of the households and local social economy, and (4) craft solutions tailored to the specific and
agreed upon diagnoses. We predict that as this socio-ecological process matures, it will also increase the inclusiveness of
resource management goals to include non-use factors, such as biodiversity and other ecosystem services, which are still poorly
evaluated and managed in even the most progressive small-scale fisheries. |
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Keywords: | Common-pool resources Fisheries crises Forums Marine conservation Ecological benefits |
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