High CO2 promotes the production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by Alexandrium catenella from Southern California waters |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States;2. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States;1. Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia;2. Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany;1. Normandie Université, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen, France;2. UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, Esplanade de la paix, F-14032 Caen, France;3. Frank Duncombe Laboratory LABEO, Saint-Contest, 14053 Caen Cedex, France;1. Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China;2. The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China;3. Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica (LOBio), Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina |
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Abstract: | In many dinoflagellates, cellular toxin levels have been demonstrated to increase when growth is limited by essential nutrients such as phosphorus. Despite the recognized importance of nutrient limitation to dinoflagellate toxicity, interactions with current and future global environmental change variables have been relatively unexplored. This is a critical question, as dissolution of anthropogenic CO2 emissions into seawater is leading to progressively lower pH values, or ocean acidification. Sea surface temperatures are concurrently increasing, a trend that is also projected to continue in the future. We conditioned a clonal culture of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin producing Alexandrium catenella (A-11c) isolated from coastal Southern California to factorial combinations of two temperatures, two pCO2 levels, and two phosphate concentrations for a period of eight months. Interactions between these variables influenced growth and carbon fixation rates and although these treatments only elicited minor differences in toxin profile, total cellular toxicity was dramatically affected. Cells conditioned to high pCO2 (levels projected for year 2075) and low phosphate at low temperature (15 °C) were the most toxic, while lower pCO2, higher phosphate levels, and warmer temperature (19 °C) alleviated this toxicity to varying degrees. Overall increased pCO2 generally led to enhanced potency. Our results suggest that future increased ocean acidification may exacerbate the toxic threat posed by this toxic dinoflagellate, especially when combined with nutrient limitation, but that future warmer temperatures could also offset some of this enhanced toxicity. |
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Keywords: | Dinoflagellate Global warming Harmful algae Ocean acidification Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins Saxitoxin |
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