Morphology,toxicity, and phylogeny of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) species along the coast of China |
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| Institution: | 1. Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China;2. College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;3. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;1. Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Erik Palménin aukio 1, Helsinki 00560, Finland;1. College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;2. The Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China;3. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510632, China;1. Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Casilla 101, Punta Arenas, Chile;2. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain;3. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain;1. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;2. Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, Australia;3. Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway;4. Section Ecological Chemistry, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea;3. Water and Eco-Bio Corporation, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | The toxigenic genus Alexandrium includes ～30 species, but information about its biogeography at a regional scale is limited. In this study, we explored the diversity of Alexandrium along the coast of China by incubating resting cysts collected from 7 sites. A total of 231 strains of Alexandrium belonging to 7 morphospecies were found. Among them, Alexandrium andersonii, Alexandrium fraterculum, Alexandrium leei, Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax, and Alexandrium tamutum were recorded from the China Sea for the first time. Partial large subunit (LSU) and/or internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA) sequences revealed two ribotypes of Alexandrium andersonii, Alexandrium leei, and Alexandrium tamarense: Atama complex Group I and IV. Atama complex Group I was exclusively distributed in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, whereas Group IV was restricted to the East China Sea and South China Sea. Atama complex Group I produced mainly N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins (C1/C2, 61–79% of total toxins) and gonyautoxins (GTX1/4, 17–37%). Alexandrium ostenfeldii strain ASBH01 produced NEO and STX exclusively (65% and 35%, respectively). Our results support the premise that Atama complex Group I is endemic to the Asian Pacific and includes cold water species, whereas Atama complex Group IV tends to inhabit warmer waters. |
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| Keywords: | Atama complex China Sea Cryptic species Cysts PSP toxin |
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