The combined effect of salinity and temperature on the growth and toxin content of four Chilean strains of Alexandrium catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech 1985 (Dinophyceae) isolated from an outbreak occurring in southern Chile in 2009 |
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| Affiliation: | 1. FICOLAB – Grupo de Investigación Microalgal, Departamento de Botánica, Programa COPAS Sur Austral, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile;2. Departamento de Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile;3. Fitoplancton Tóxico (Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Marinos), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6 CP 36208, Vigo, Spain;1. Marine Science and Technology Centre, Klaipėda University, H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipėda, Lithuania;2. Department of Marine Research, Environmental Protection Agency, Taikos 26, LT-91222 Klaipėda, Lithuania;3. Department of Information Systems, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania;4. Department of Electrical Power Systems, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania;5. Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania;6. Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Halmstad University, Box 823, S-30118 Halmstad, Sweden;1. Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Tropical and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China;3. University of Copenhagen, Marine Biological Section, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark;4. Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;5. Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;1. Normandie Université, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen, France;2. UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, Esplanade de la paix, F-14032 Caen, France;3. Frank Duncombe Laboratory LABEO, Saint-Contest, 14053 Caen Cedex, France;1. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan;2. Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan |
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| Abstract: | The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella has been detected in the southern Chile since 1972, causing severe negative impacts on public health and aquaculture activities. Several environmental factors have been determined to affect growth and toxin production in Alexandrium strains. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of four combined conditions of two temperatures (10 and 15 °C) and two salinities (15 and 35 psu) on the growth and the Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxin content and composition in four Chilean strains of A. catenella (PFB41, PFB42, PFB37 and PFB38), isolated during a summer outbreak occurred in southern Chile in 2009. The growth curves showed a higher effect of the salinity in strains PFB41 and PFB42 than in strains PFB37 and PFB38. The values of growth rates and maximum cell densities ranged from 0.25 to 0.73 div day−1 and 1.1 × 104 to 5.2 × 104 cells mL−1, respectively. All of the strains showed the highest values for both growth parameters at 15 °C and 35 psu. In general, growth parameters were higher at 35 psu independently of the temperature. On the other hand, the total PSP toxin content ranged widely from 3.99 to 239 fmol cell−1. The highest values of PSP toxin content were attained at 10 °C and 35 psu for all of the strains, at both stages of growth. All of the strains displayed different toxin compositions, with neoSTX, GTX4-1, GTX3-2 and GTX5 being the main toxins detected. The results showed significant differences in the absolute values of growth and toxin production parameters among the strains grown under the same culture conditions, and for each strain grown under different combined conditions of temperature and salinity. These findings demonstrate that abiotic factors can differentially affect the population dynamics of the A. catenella toxic genotypes, thus making it extremely difficult to predict the ecological behavior of this species in the field in terms of the intensity of a potential outbreak. |
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