Distinctly different behavioral responses of a copepod,Temora longicornis,to different strains of toxic dinoflagellates,Alexandrium spp. |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark;2. Key and Open Laboratory of Marine and Estuary Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, 200090 Shanghai, China;3. Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark;4. Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;1. Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands;3. Department of Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany;4. Waterschap Scheldestromen, Middelburg, The Netherlands;1. School of Materials Science and Engineering & Key Laboratory of Inorganic Membranes, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen 333403, China;2. Key Lab of Design & Assembly of Functional Nanostructure, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, 300 Jhongda Road, Jhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan;1. Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark;2. National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU Aqua, Section for Oceanecology and Climate, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Kavalergården 6, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark;3. Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland;4. Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologische Chemie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;5. Department of Bioscience, Roskilde, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;1. School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Xueyuan Road No.2, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China;2. CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China;3. School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No.15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China;1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China;2. Natural Science Research Center, Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Zooplankton responses to toxic algae are highly variable, even towards taxonomically closely related species or different strains of the same species. Here, the individual level feeding behavior of a copepod, Temora longicornis, was examined which offered 4 similarly sized strains of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp. and a non-toxic control strain of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum. The strains varied in their cellular toxin concentration and composition and in lytic activity. High-speed video observations revealed four distinctly different strain-specific feeding responses of the copepod during 4 h incubations: (i) the ‘normal’ feeding behavior, in which the feeding appendages were beating almost constantly to produce a feeding current and most (90%) of the captured algae were ingested; (ii) the beating activity of the feeding appendages was reduced by ca. 80% during the initial 60 min of exposure, after which very few algae were captured and ingested; (iii) capture and ingestion rates remained high, but ingested cells were regurgitated; and (iv) the copepod continued beating its appendages and captured cells at a high rate, but after 60 min, most captured cells were rejected. The various prey aversion responses observed may have very different implications to the prey and their ability to form blooms: consumed but regurgitated cells are dead, captured but rejected cells survive and may give the prey a competitive advantage, while reduced feeding activity of the grazer may be equally beneficial to the prey and its competitors. These behaviors were not related to lytic activity or overall paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) content and composition and suggest that other cues are responsible for the responses. |
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| Keywords: | Feeding behavior Paralytic shellfish toxins Goniodomin A Lytic activity |
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