Comparative assessment of single and joint effects of diuron and Irgarol 1051 on Arctic and temperate microalgae using chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging |
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| Institution: | 1. Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;2. Institute of Green Environmental Research Center, 169, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;3. School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom;4. Division of Life Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea;5. Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea;6. Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea;7. Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea;8. Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea;1. Institute of Oceanography and Environment, University of Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia;2. School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia;3. Tropical Research Centre for Oceanography, Environment and Natural Resources, The State University of Zanzibar, P. O. Box 146, Zanzibar, Tanzania;1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;2. Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia;3. Prince of Songkla University-Phuket, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand;1. Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-Myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Marine Environmental Chemistry and Biology, Daejeon 305-320, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea;1. Instituto do Mar da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Alm. Saldanha da Gama, 89, Santos, SP 11030-400, Brazil;2. Centro de Biologia Marinha da Universidade de São Paulo, Rodovia Manoel Hypólito do Rego, km 131.5, São Sebastião, SP 11600-000, Brazil;3. Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil;4. Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente, SP 11330-900, Brazil;5. Centro de Estudos do Mar da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira-mar, s/n, Pontal do Sul, PR 83255-976, Brazil;1. Division of Life Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea;2. Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-ro, 119 Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea;3. School of Marine Science & Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom;4. Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea;5. Water Supply Operations & Maintenance Department, Korea Water Resources Corporation, 200 Sintanjin-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejun 61949, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Ship groundings and ice-breakers can cause pollution of the polar environment with antifouling biocides such as diuron and Irgarol 1051. The present study used pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry to compare single and joint toxicities of diuron and Irgarol 1051 on two freshwater taxa of microalgae (Chlorella and Chlamydomonas) originating from Arctic and temperate regions. 30 min acute toxicity tests using chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence revealed that Arctic strains of microalgae were more sensitive to herbicides than their temperate counterparts. Diuron and Irgarol 1051 had equal toxicities in the Arctic species, while Irgarol 1051 was more toxic (EC50 = 5.55–14.70 μg L?1) than diuron (EC50 = 12.90–>40 μg L?1) in the temperate species. Toxicity assessment of various mixtures of diuron and Irgarol 1051 revealed antagonistic, additive, and synergistic effects. Our data suggest that herbicides can adversely affect photosynthesis in Arctic microalgae at relatively low levels, and their impact can increase under complex mixture conditions. |
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| Keywords: | Diuron Irgarol 1051 Toxicity Polar Temperate |
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