Effects of temperature,salinity and composition of the dinoflagellate assemblage on the growth of Gambierdiscus carpenteri isolated from the Great Barrier Reef |
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| Affiliation: | 1. College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;2. Centre of Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;3. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;4. Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;1. Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA;2. Biology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;1. Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;2. St. Petersburg Academic University – Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia;3. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;1. School of Geographical and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China;2. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;3. NOAA/NOS, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;4. State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;5. Fisheries Division, Ministry of Fisheries & Marine Resources Development, Republic of Kiribati;1. LAQUES (Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8502, Japan;2. The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8566, Japan;1. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand;2. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia;3. Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman 2088, New South Wales, Australia;4. Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Driver, SBS-01N-27, Singapore 637551, Singapore;5. Ministry of Marine Resources, Private Bag, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands;6. Climate Change Cook Islands, Office of the Prime Minister, Private Bag, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands;7. AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3240, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand;1. LAQUES (Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan;2. The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Increases in reported incidence of ciguatera fish poisoning (hereafter ciguatera) have been linked to warmer sea temperatures that are known to trigger coral bleaching events. The drivers that trigger blooms of ciguatera-causing dinoflagellates on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) are poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of increased temperatures and lowered salinities, often associated with environmental disturbance events, on the population growth of two strains of the potentially ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus carpenteri (NQAIF116 and NQAIF380). Both strains were isolated from the central GBR with NQAIF116 being an inshore strain and NQAIF380 an isolate from a stable environment of a large coral reef aquarium exhibit in ReefHQ, Townsville, Australia. Species of Gambierdiscus are often found as part of a mixed assemblage of benthic toxic dinoflagellates on macroalgal substrates. The effect of assemblage structure of dinoflagellates on the growth of Gambierdiscus populations has, however, not been explored. The study, therefore investigated the growth of G. carpenteri within mixed assemblages of benthic dinoflagellates. Population growth was monitored over a period of 28 days under three salinities (16, 26 and 36) and three temperature (24, 28 and 34 °C) conditions in a fully crossed experimental design. Temperature and salinity had a significant effect on population growth. Strain NQAIF380 exhibited significantly higher growth at 28 °C compared to strain NQAIF116, which had highest growth at 24 °C. When strain NQAIF116 was co-cultured with the benthic dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum lima and Ostreopsis sp., inhibitory effects on population growth were observed at a salinity of 36. In contrast, growth stimulation of G. carpenteri (strain NQAIF116) was observed at a salinity of 26 and particularly at 16 when co-cultured with Ostreopsis-dominated assemblages. Range expansion of ciguatera-causing dinoflagellates could lead to higher frequency of reported ciguatera illness in populated temperate Australian regions, outside the tropical range of the GBR. Therefore, the findings on salinity and temperature tolerance of two strains of G. carpenteri indicates potential adaptability to different local environmental conditions. These are baseline data for future investigations into the potential southward range expansion of ciguatera-causing dinoflagellates originating from the GBR. |
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| Keywords: | Climate change Ciguatera Environmental drivers Coral bleaching |
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