A comprehensive evaluation on industrial & urban symbiosis by combining MFA,carbon footprint and emergy methods—Case of Kawasaki,Japan |
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| Institution: | 1. Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan;2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;3. National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan;1. Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;2. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany;1. Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69115, Germany;2. Institute for Eco-Industrial Analyses, IUWA, Heidelberg 69121, Germany;3. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;4. Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany;5. Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;6. Center for Social and Environmental System Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan;7. School of Economics, Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics, Urumqi 830012, China;1. Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China;2. Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China |
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| Abstract: | One proposed strategy to solve current environmental challenges is industrial and urban symbiosis (I/UrS); however, appropriate evaluation methods are needed so that the potential benefits of I/UrS can be quantified. Several evaluation methods have been applied separately to study I/UrS, but no integrated studies have been conducted by applying different methods in the same case study area. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a comprehensive framework to evaluate I/UrS by combining the material flow analysis (MFA), carbon footprint (CF) and emergy methods. First, we developed a unified database and step-by-step process to clarify the waste distribution and recycling processes in an industrial city. Then a baseline scenario and an I/UrS scenario were set up to define the baselines and effects of I/UrS and compare the results. Finally, the three methods were applied to identify physical features in the I/UrS system. The MFA-based results showed that the use of I/UrS led to a 6.4% reduction in the physical value of material use. The CF-based results indicated that reduction of waste and by-products results in a 13.8% reduction in CO2e emissions. The emergy-based results showed that, with the implementation of I/UrS, the value of the emergy sustainability index (excluding labor and services) improved greatly (a 49.2% emergy reduction) as compared with the baseline case (a 14.3% reduction). In addition, the effects of implementing I/UrS by waste and by-product exchanges for blast furnace slag, scrap steel, waste paper, and waste plastic were evaluated. Whereas the CF reductions of unit ton of blast furnace slag is relatively low, emergy reductions of that is comparatively high. If policymakers only consider CF results when addressing the issue of climate change, the effects on emergy will be underestimated in this case. We conclude that the main actors in this area release huge emissions, but they also have a high potential to reduce their environmental loads. In addition, with appropriate designs, waste paper and plastics recycling could be highly efficient. Finally, the integration of the three evaluation methods should contribute to creating a low carbon and more resource independent society. |
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| Keywords: | Industrial symbiosis Industrial symbiosis Emergy Carbon footprint Material flow analysis |
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