Analysis of sterols in selected bloom-forming algae in China |
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| Affiliation: | 1. College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China;2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China;2. Hubei Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;3. Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf (Nanning Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanning 530001, China;4. BioArc, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK;5. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;6. Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China;1. Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea;2. Jeju International Marine Science Research and Education Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670 Iljudong-ro, Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea;3. South Sea Environment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea;4. Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | Sterols, a group of stable lipid compounds, are often used as biomarkers in marine biogeochemical studies to indicate sources of organic matter. In this study, sterols in 13 species of major bloom-forming algae in China, which belong to Dinophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Pelagophyceae, were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to test their feasibility in representing different types of harmful algal blooms (HABs). It was found that (24Z)-stigmasta-5,24-dien-3β-ol (28-isofucosterol) was a major sterol component in green-tide forming macroalga Ulva prolifera. In bloom-forming dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp., Prorocentrum micans and Scrippsiella trochoidea, (22E)-4α,23-dimethyl-5α-ergost-22-en-3β-ol (dinosterol) was detected in addition to cholest-5-en-3β-ol (cholesterol), (22E)-ergosta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, (22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol and other minor sterol components. In brown-tide forming pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens, (24E)-24-propylcholesta-5,24-dien-3β-ol ((24E)-24-propylidenecholesterol) and (24Z)-24-propylcholesta-5,24-dien-3β-ol ((24Z)-24-propylidenecholesterol) were detected together with cholesterol, (22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, stigmast-5-en-3β-ol and campest-5-en-3β-ol. Among the selected bloom-forming diatoms, Chaetoceros sp. and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. only produced cholesterol, while Cylindrotheca closterium produced solely (22E)-ergosta-5,22-dien-3β-ol. Sterol content in four bloom-forming algal species correlates well with their biomass or abundance. It's proposed that 28-isofucosterol could serve as a promising biomarker for green algae in green-tide studies. Dinosterol and (24Z)-24-propylidenecholesterol can be used as potential biomarkers to represent bloom-forming dinoflagellates and pelagophytes, while (22E)-ergosta-5,22-dien-3β-ol is not a good indicator for diatoms. |
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| Keywords: | Biomarker Sterol Harmful algal blooms |
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