Mismatches between supply and demand in wildlife tourism: Insights for assessing cultural ecosystem services |
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| Institution: | 1. Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25 60325 - Frankfurt am Main, Germany;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 - Frankfurt am Main, Germany;3. Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Faculty of Sustainability, Institute of Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Scharnhorststrasse 1, 21335 - Lüneburg, Germany;1. Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa;2. Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa;3. Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Private Bag X6531, George 6530, South Africa;4. Sustainability Research Unit, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Private Bag X6531, George 6350, South Africa;5. Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Phalaborwa, South Africa;6. Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology and DST/NRF CoE in Scientometrics and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;1. Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa;2. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia;3. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;1. ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia;2. Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa;1. ICAAM-Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas University of Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Edifício Principal, Gab 202, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal;2. ICAAM-Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, DPAO – Department Landscape Environment and Planning, University of Évora (UE), Núcleo da Mitra, Edifício Principal, Gab 203, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal;3. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy;4. Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences (ISS), Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland;5. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden;6. Université de Liège – Institut de géographie Allée du Six-Août, 2 – Bât, B11 4000 Liège, Belgium;7. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 46 the Green, South Bar, Banbury, OX16 9AB England, UK;8. University of Reading, Centre for Agricultural Strategy, Reading, UK;9. University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, UK;1. Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Av Lourival Melo Mota, s/n Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-90 Maceió, AL, Brazil;2. School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK;3. DBIO & CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | Assessing cultural ecosystem services provided by biodiversity requires a combination of ecological and social approaches. In this study, we investigated the capacity of large African mammal species to provide the cultural ecosystem service of wildlife tourism by using a supply and demand framework. First, we tested the relationship between supply and demand for large mammal species in wildlife tourism. Second, we tested whether the trophic level and body size of mammals influenced the mismatch between supply and demand, and whether the patterns of mismatches were consistent among four protected areas (PAs) in three Southern African countries. To quantify supply of species, we counted large mammals along 196 five km road transects within the four PAs; to estimate demand, we gathered 651 face-to-face questionnaires of wildlife tourists and distinguished between their expectation and hope to see specific species. Results show that a higher supply of large mammal species increased the expectation to see a species (linear regression slope β = 0.28, p < 0.01), whereas supply did not affect the hopes to see a specific species (β = ?0.04, p = 0.63). Analyses of mismatches revealed that predator species were more demanded in relation to their supply than ungulates. Finally, we found that the demands of wildlife tourists for mammal species in relation to their supply were consistent across the four PAs. Supply-demand analyses reveal that species’ traits, in particular trophic level, shape the hopes of wildlife tourists to see specific mammal species. We propose that the quantification of supply-demand mismatches can be used to identify charismatic species and relevant species’ traits, and can be applied for wildlife tourism assessments within as well as across regions. Supply-demand analyses provide a useful framework and deliver indicators for better assessing cultural ecosystem services involving wildlife and nature-based tourism, and can be used for conservation management. |
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| Keywords: | Africa Charisma Cultural ecosystem service Demand Mammals Mismatch Nature-based tourism Supply |
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