A comprehensive analysis of blue water scarcity from the production,consumption, and water transfer perspectives |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China;2. College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China;3. College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;4. Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA;5. College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China;6. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;1. Accendere Knowledge Management Services Pvt. Ltd., Flat No. 302, Plot No. 553, Rama Residency, KPHB VI Phase, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500085, India;2. Indian Institute of Management Indore, A-105, Prabandh Shikhar, Rau-Pithampur Road, Indore 453556, Madhya Pradesh, India;1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;1. Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;2. Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;3. Smithsonian Marine Station, Smithsonian Institution, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA;1. Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland;2. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland;3. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;1. School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;2. Graduate School, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China;3. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China;4. Water@Leeds, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;1. The College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China;2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China;3. Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;4. Department of Environmental Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic;5. Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Science, Chongqing, 401147, China;6. Institute of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China;7. School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China |
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| Abstract: | The issue of growing water scarcity has been increasingly perceived as a global systemic risk. To solve it, an integrated approach considering different perspectives of water scarcity is at a premise. In this study, we developed an approach to calculate the blue water scarcity (BWS) and integrated the production, consumption, and water transfer perspectives into a single framework. The results are as follows: The average BWS in the Hetao irrigation district was 0.491 during the 2001–2010 year period, which was much larger than the threshold of 0.30, indicating a high water stress level. From the production perspective, the agricultural sector was the largest contributor to regional water scarcity and the average BWS was as high as 0.479. From the consumption perspective, BWS related to virtual water export was much larger than that related to water consumption for making products to be consumed locally and the values were 0.422 and 0.069, respectively. Under the influence of physical and virtual water transfer, BWS changed from 0.242 (medium to high water stress level) to 0.491 (high water stress level). Strategies for reducing agricultural water consumption, such as increasing crop water productivity, improving irrigation efficiency, and promoting more reasonable irrigation water price, could be adopted in the Hetao irrigation district to alleviate regional BWS. Compared with physical and virtual water import, the virtual water export played a more important role in influencing the regional water scarcity, and the increase in crop water productivity, decrease in crop export volume, or adjustment of trade pattern from water-intensive crops to water-extensive ones could be feasible measures to decrease virtual water export for lower water stress, while the trade-offs in the product-consuming regions should be considered. |
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| Keywords: | Blue water scarcity Production Consumption Water transfer |
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