Texture analysis in liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sub-chronically exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China;2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China;3. College of life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China;4. Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China;1. Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada;2. Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water, Science, and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada;1. Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169–007 Porto, Portugal;2. Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050–123 Porto, Portugal;3. Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal;4. Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200–150, Porto, Portugal;5. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | An operator-neutral, objective method was implemented to comparatively assess liver pathology in 30 specimens of common carp (Cyprinus carpio): 20 after experimental flow-through exposure to two perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dosages (10 fish exposed to 200 ng l−1 and 10 fish exposed to 2 mg l−1) for 56 days and 10 unexposed (negative control). The method relies on texture analysis as a complementary approach to traditional histopathology and chemical dosage analysis performed previously on the same experimental material. Texture features data were analyzed by means of Redundancy Analysis (RDA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA). LDA resulted in the correct classification of 80% of cases (24 out of 30 cases) with a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 83.3. In particular, four male samples from the low dosage group (200 ng l−1) were misclassified as unexposed fish and two female samples from the unexposed group were misclassified as low dosage exposed. Nevertheless, PFOA liver chemical dosage analysis results were the same both in unexposed and in low dosage group fish, all below the limit of detection. No sample from the high dosage group (2 mg l−1) has ever been misclassified. Interestingly, texture features correlated with the PFOA concentrations detected in the liver of each sampled fish. In the present study the technique of texture analysis was combined with techniques of multivariate exploratory data analysis (RDA, LDA/CVA). This approach resulted in a robust, sufficiently sensitive and specific means to study PFOA-induced liver pathology. The new method can discriminate between unexposed and two PFOA exposed groups with better confidence and in a more affordable way, compared to chemical quantification of liver PFOA. The texture features correlated well with liver PFOA concentrations and objectively quantified degenerative liver morphology. In conclusion the overall approach may be a suitable candidate as a reliable and broad-ranging method for biomarker analysis of exposure and effect. |
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| Keywords: | Image analysis Linear discriminant analysis Redundancy analysis Misdiagnosis Fish pathology Biomarker |
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