Bundles of ecosystem (dis)services and multifunctionality across European landscapes |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre of Ecology and Conservation Sciences, UMR 7204 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, National Museum of Natural History, CP153, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France;2. Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS – Université Grenoble-Alpes, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France;3. European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy;4. Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;5. European Forest Institute, Yliopistokatu 6, 80100 Joensuu, Finland;1. Plant Production Systems, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands;2. Earth Informatics, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands;3. Spatial Knowledge Systems, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands;4. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy;5. Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy;6. Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Germany;7. Department for Soil Health and Plant Nutrition, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Austria;8. Department of Agronomy, University of Cordoba, Spain;9. Flanders research institute for agriculture, fisheries and food, Belgium;10. Agrosystems Research, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;2. Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;3. Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hefei 230031, China;4. College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China;1. Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici Z (ICTA-ICP), Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;2. Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;3. Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway;4. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway;5. Department of Geography, Lab for Landscape Ecology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, 12489 Berlin, Germany;6. Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany |
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| Abstract: | We present an assessment of the spatial pattern of ecosystem services (ES) associations across Europe based on models of eleven ES and one dis-service, mapped at the extent of twenty-seven Member States of the European Union (EU27) on a 1 km2 grid. We isolated three clusters of cells sharing common features in multi-ES supply associated with the main land-use-land-cover types such as forests and agricultural lands. Confronting these spatial patterns with biophysical and socio-economic drivers revealed two strong gradients structuring European ES bundles, climate and land use intensity. Variations in the diversity of ES bundles provided across administrative units (NUTS 2), quantified by the Shannon diversity index, tend to be higher in forested regions (e.g. SE Romania) and in the mosaic landscapes in the central EU27 (from eastern France to Austria). Lower diversity prevails in areas of homogeneous terrain and land use in north-western Europe (e.g. Western France). Our findings illustrate that ES trade-offs and bundles cannot be reduced to land use conflicts but also depend on climate and, for a specific bundle, to biodiversity. |
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| Keywords: | Bundles Drivers Ecosystem services Europe Indicator Supply Trade-off |
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