Free-ranging livestock influence species richness,occupancy, and daily behaviour of wild mammalian species in Baluran National Park,Indonesia |
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| Institution: | 1. Technische Universität München, Science Center Weihenstephan, Alte Akademie 8, D-85354 Freising, Germany;2. Dept. Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany;3. Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany;4. Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany;5. Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, D-96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany;6. Šumava National Park, 1. Máje 260, CZ-38501 Vimperk, Czech Republic;7. Potsdam University, Inst. for Biochemistry & Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;1. Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States;2. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico;1. Department of Genomics, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert Str. 4., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;2. Institute for Wildlife Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly Str. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;3. Department of Wildlife Biology and Ethology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Guba Sándor Str. 40., H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;4. Department of Animal Breeding Technology and Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Guba Sándor Str. 40., H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;5. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Ave. 1/c., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;1. South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China;2. The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;3. Cetacean Ecology Lab, Cetacea Research Institute, Hong Kong;1. Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 62901, USA;2. Indiana Karst Conservancy, PO Box 2401, Indianapolis, IN 46206, USA;3. Indiana Department of Natural Resources,402 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA;4. Environmental Solutions and Innovations,4525 Este Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45232, USA;1. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;2. Bureau of Ecological Research Division of Basic Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea;3. Veterinary Anatomy, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan;4. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | In some developing countries, human activities in protected areas threaten wildlife populations and their habitats. This study was conducted to understand the influences of free-range livestock on the wild mammalian population in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. There were 3852 and 1156 cows and goats, respectively, and livestock occupied an area of approximately 55.96 km2. The species richness and probability of occupancy in areas with and without livestock were assessed, and the spatial co-occurrence and overlap of daily activity patterns among mammalian species and livestock were measured. A total of 39 camera traps were installed from August 2015 to January 2016, collecting 23,021 independent photographs. In areas with livestock, the number of mammal species (eight) was lower than in areas without livestock (11 species). The most affected species were the large herbivores Bubalus bubalis and Bos javanicus, and a large carnivore Panthera pardus, all of which were absent in areas with livestock. Regardless of the feeding guild, the probability of occupancy of almost all species declined in areas with livestock, except the medium herbivores Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Hystrix javanica that showed a higher probability of occupancy. The species whose probability of occupancy declined were the carnivores Cuon alpinus and Prionailurus bengalensis; the herbivores Rusa timorensis, Tracypithecus auratus and Muntiacus muntjak; and the omnivore Sus scrofa. In the presence of livestock, R. timorensis and S. scrofa changed their activities from diurnal to nocturnal. Livestock affected most wild mammals in several ways, including by reducing the species richness, lessening the probability of occupancy and changing the daily activity patterns of many animals. This research recommends a significant reduction in the size of the range area for domestic livestock. |
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| Keywords: | Camera trapping Biodiversity monitoring Wildlife-livestock competition Monsoon forest |
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