Cranial suture closure pattern in water deer and implications of suture evolution in cervids |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;2. Bureau of Ecological Research Division of Basic Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea;3. Veterinary Anatomy, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan;4. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;1. Department of Genomics, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert Str. 4., H-2100 Gödöll?, Hungary;2. Institute for Wildlife Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly Str. 1., H-2100 Gödöll?, Hungary;3. Department of Wildlife Biology and Ethology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Guba Sándor Str. 40., H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;4. Department of Animal Breeding Technology and Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, Guba Sándor Str. 40., H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;5. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Ave. 1/c., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;1. South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China;2. The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;3. Cetacean Ecology Lab, Cetacea Research Institute, Hong Kong;1. Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States;2. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico;1. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;2. Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, via Broken Hill, NSW 2880, Australia;3. Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Republic of Korea;2. Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, United States;3. Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University Hospital, Republic of Korea;4. Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University Medical Center, Republic of Korea;6. Department of Electric and Electrical Engineering, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea;7. Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Interspecific diversity exists in cranial suture closure patterns among mammalian species. Suture closure patterns partly reflect phylogenesis, but it has also been claimed that it is influenced by biomechanical factors. Here we provide the first report on the cranial suture closure pattern in water deer. Among cervids, the water deer is an exceptional species, as it is the only one without antlers. Instead, the male water deer possess prominent canines, which are utilized during male-male combats. This unique morphological setting allowed us to examine whether the presence of prominent canines affects cranial suture closure. We found that the only sexual difference in cranial suture closure pattern is the closure of the interfrontal suture in males, which is found in some other cervid species as well. Except for the interfrontal suture closure, timing and sequence of cranial suture closure were comparable between both sexes, suggesting that the presence of prominent canines in males has no influence on cranial suture closure pattern. Our results indicate that interfrontal suture closure in males is a phylogenetic pattern, i.e. an apomorphy for Capreolini, Hydropotini and Alceini. |
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| Keywords: | Deer Cranial suture Canine Skull Development |
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