Postembryonic development and homology of external genitalia in Galloisiana nipponensis (Caudell et king) (Notoptera : Grylloblattidae) |
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| Institution: | 1. Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Entomology and Insect Science, 1040 E. 4th Street, PO Box 210077, Tucson, AZ 85721-0077, USA;2. Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 3001 Lake Austin Centre, Austin, TX 78705-5730, USA;3. Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;4. Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China;2. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;3. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization & Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China;4. Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;5. Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China;1. Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, UFV, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil;2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy;1. University of South Bohemia in ?eské Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Záti?í 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic;2. Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the ASCR and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in ?eské Budějovice, Brani?ovská 31, ?eské Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic;3. Department of Immunotechnology, Hus 406, Medicon Village, Lund University, 22381, Lund, Sweden;1. State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;2. Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA;3. Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management, Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China |
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| Abstract: | The postembryonic development of genital and postgenital segments of Galloisiana nipponensis (Notoptera : Grylloblattidae) have been described in detail. The coxite, stylus, epiproct and paraproct are already observed in the first nymphal instar, but the sexual characters are almost indistinguishable in the 1st to 4th nymphal instars, because the genital segments in these stages are not yet differentiated. In the 5th nymphal instar in the male, the paired primary phallic lobes start to appear at the hind margin of the 9th sternum. The rudiments of ventral valvulae in the female originate at the hind margin of the 8th sternum. In the 6th nymphal instar, the rudiments of inner valvulae begin to appear on the 9th sternum, in addition to the ventral valvula rudiments. The long dorsal valvulae are formed from the extension of nymphal coxite, while the nymphal styli are more reduced than those of younger instars.The ventral valvulae of the 8th abdominal segment are thought to be homologous with the inner valvulae of the 9th segment, judging from their site and mode of development. Further, the inner valvulae may also be homologous with the primary phallic lobes (phallomeres) of the male. The external genitalia in G. nipponensis originate from 2 structures: the dorsal valvulae (considered of appendicular origin), and the phallomeres; ventral and inner valvulae are regarded as mere integumentary outgrowths. |
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