The effect of salinity on the survival,growth, sporulation and infection of Phytophthora ramorum |
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| Institution: | 1. Urban Forestry Program, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA;2. USDA/ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 USA;1. Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom;2. Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;1. Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand;2. Department of Paleontology, Geocenter, University of Vienna, Austria;3. School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;1. Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa;2. DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa;3. Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa;1. Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK;1. Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK;2. Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berks, SL5 7PY, UK;3. University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK |
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| Abstract: | Phytophthora ramorum has been found in waterways outside infested nurseries, but little is known about its behavior in water. This study examined the effect of salinity on survival, growth, sporulation, and infection. P. ramorum survival and growth was negatively correlated with salt concentration (range of 0–45 g l−1), but showed a level of tolerance even at 45 g l−1. No sporangia were observed in cultures with higher than 20 g l−1 of salt and zoospores were not released from sporangia above 14 g l−1. Water sources with different salinity were used to understand the environment where P. ramorum can survive and infect host material. Water from natural bodies and water amended with different salt concentrations were added to P. ramorum-infested sand and baited with rhododendron leaf disks. Infection decreased with increasing salt concentration and increased with higher initial concentration of P. ramorum. This research helps to better understand the effects of water quality on survival and infectivity of P. ramorum, expanding the potential survey range. |
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| Keywords: | Brackish water Epidemiology Ramorum blight Salinity |
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