Microbial decolouration of azo dyes: A review

The textile industry is a substantial consumer of water and produces enormous volumes of contaminated water; the most important contaminants are azo dyes. Microbial processes for the treatment of textile wastewater have the advantage of being cost-effective and environmentally friendly and producing less sludge. The most promising microorganisms for wastewater treatment are those isolated from sites contaminated with dyes or from the sludge of treatment plants because they have adapted to survive in adverse conditions. The mechanism of microbial decolouration occurs from adsorption, enzymatic degradation or a combination of both. Both reductases and oxidases are involved in the microbial degradation process. The goal of microbial treatment is to decolourise and detoxify the dye-contaminated effluents. In this review, we summarise the methodologies used to evaluate the toxicity of azo dyes and their degradation products. Recent studies on the decolouration or degradation of azo dyes using algae, yeast, filamentous fungi and bacteria, genetically modified microorganisms, microbial consortia and microbiological systems combined with Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are discussed in this review.