TAT-mediated endocytotic delivery of the loop deletion Bcl-2 protein protects neurons against cell death

Protein delivery mediated by protein transduction domains (PTD) such as the HIV-1 TAT-PTD has emerged as a promising approach for neuroprotection. The objective of this study was to generate and evaluate the neuroprotective potential of TAT fusion proteins using constructs based on Bcl-2 anti-death family proteins. A TAT-Bcl-2 construct with the loop domain deleted (TAT-Bcl-2Deltaloop) was tested for its ability to transduce neuronal cells and to promote survival. The potential mechanism of TAT-mediated protein internalization in neural cells was also investigated. The purified TAT-Bcl-2Deltaloop binds to neural cell and rat brain mitochondria, and transduces cultured neural cell lines and primary cortical neurons when used at nm concentrations. Effective internalization of TAT-Bcl-2Deltaloop occurs at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C, consistent with an endocytotic process. Both cell association and internalization require interaction of TAT-Bcl-2Deltaloop with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. TAT-mediated protein delivery in neuronal cells occurs through a lipid raft-dependent endocytotic process, inhibited by the cholesterol-sequestering agent nystatin. Transducible loop deleted Bcl-2 increases the survival of cortical neurons following trophic factor withdrawal and also rescues neural cell lines from staurosporine-induced death. These results support the concept of using protein transduction of Bcl-2 constructs for neuroprotection.