Herbicides and their potential to disrupt plant–insect chemical communication |
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Authors: | Sergio E Ramos Moe Bakhtiari Miguel Castañeda-Zárate Veronica Iriart Tia-Lynn Ashman |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260 PA, USA;2. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;3. School of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Biodiversity, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa |
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Abstract: | Ecological interactions between plants and insects are of paramount importance for the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Herbicides have long been considered a threat to plant and insect populations, but global increases in intensive agriculture and availability of herbicide-resistant crops have intensified concerns about their full impact on biodiversity. Here, we argue that exposure to sublethal herbicide doses has the potential to alter plant–insect interactions as a result of disruptions in their chemical communication. This is because herbicides interfere with biosynthetic pathways and phytohormones involved in the production of several classes of plant volatiles that mediate plant–insect chemical communication. Sublethal herbicide doses can modify the morphological and life-history plant traits and affect interactions with insects. However, the potential changes in plant volatiles and their consequences for plant–insect chemical communication have not yet received as much attention. We discuss how target-site (disruptors of primary metabolism) and non-target-site (synthetic auxins) herbicides could alter the production of plant volatiles and disrupt plant–insect chemical communication. We suggest research avenues to fill in the current gap in our knowledge that might derive recommendations and applied solutions to minimize herbicides' impacts on plant–insect interactions and biodiversity. |
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Keywords: | chemical communication herbicides plant–insect interactions plant volatiles sublethal exposure |
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