Linear and branched ß(1–3) d-glucans activate but do not prime teleost macrophages in vitro and are inactivated by dilute acid: Implications for dietary immunostimulation |
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| Authors: | Ben Kudrenko Natale Snape Andrew C Barnes |
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| Institution: | 1. The University of Queensland, Centre for Marine Studies, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia;2. School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia;1. Ocean College, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, PR China;2. Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China;1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;2. School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;3. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;1. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) – CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina;2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia, 1917 Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina;4. Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;5. IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina;6. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland;2. Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland;3. School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland;4. School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland;1. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China |
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| Abstract: | ß(1–3) glucans are a diverse range of carbohydrate polymers of differing lengths and structures that make up the cell walls of yeast, fungi, algae and some plants and activate innate immune responses in plants, invertebrates and higher animals. Consequently glucans are often used as dietary immunostimulants in commercial feeds for aquacultured fish species. The present study investigates the capability of purified glucans of differing structures and configurations, including curdlan, paramylon, laminarin and purified yeast ß glucan to activate innate immunity in vitro using barramundi pronephros macrophages as a model, and compares them to Zymosan, a complex mixture derived from yeast cell walls, and lipopolysaccharide from Gram negative bacteria. All of the glucans were able to stimulate respiratory burst in barramundi macrophages at concentrations of 100 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL, with curdlan eliciting the highest respiratory burst response at 1000 μg/mL. LPS and Zymosan were the only immunostimulants tested that could prime barramundi macrophages by incubating with low concentrations (0.1 and 1 μg/mL) for 24 h before triggering respiratory burst with PMA, suggesting teleost macrophages may not prime through the glucan receptor. As glucans are used as dietary immunostimulants, the pH of the barramundi stomach was assayed for 6 h following feeding and indicated that pH was as low as 2 for up to 6 h. Treating the glucans with dilute HCl at pH 2 completely neutralised their macrophage-activating capability. These results are important as they indicate that glucans do not prime barramundi macrophages but will activate them at high concentrations. However, it is debatable whether glucans will have any effect on macrophages if administered in the diet due to the combination of high concentration required and probable hydrolysis of the polymer structures as they pass through the acid environment of the stomach. |
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