Effects of hookworms (Uncinaria sp.) on the early growth and survival of New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) pups

Parasites can have both direct and indirect impacts on organisms through changes in health, growth, reproductive success, behaviour and survival. This research investigates the effects of hookworms (Uncinaria sp.) on the growth and mortality of New Zealand sea lion (NZ sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri) pups between birth and 3 months of age. NZ sea lion pups that received ivermectin treatment to reduce their hookworm burden had higher growth rates. Hookworm infection had no significant effect on mortality rate except when overall mortality was high during epidemics caused by other pathogens. Understanding the impacts of parasites on wild populations of pinnipeds is important for the management of the species, particularly when the species is threatened, as is the case for the NZ sea lion. There are at least two reasons for this: first, to quantify the impact of the parasite on parameters of population dynamics such as offspring survival and, as a consequence, female reproductive output; and second, to gain sufficient knowledge of the host/parasite dynamics to allow the balance to be manipulated in favour of the host should this be required for conservation management.