The Prospects for Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Vietnam: A Look at Three Payment Schemes |
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Authors: | Phuc Xuan To Wolfram H Dressler Sango Mahanty Thu Thuy Pham Claudia Zingerli |
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Institution: | (1) Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;(2) College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, ACT 0200 Canberra, Australia;(3) Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia;(4) Climate-KIC Co-location Centre Switzerland ETH Zurich, Hochstrasse 60, HCH B14.1, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;; |
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Abstract: | Global conservation discourses and practices increasingly rely on market-based solutions to fulfill the dual objective of
forest conservation and economic development. Although varied, these interventions are premised on the assumption that natural
resources are most effectively managed and preserved while benefiting livelihoods if the market-incentives of a liberalised
economy are correctly in place. By examining three nationally supported payment for ecosystem service (PES) schemes in Vietnam
we show how insecure land tenure, high transaction costs and high opportunity costs can undermine the long-term benefits of
PES programmes for local households and, hence, potentially threaten their livelihood viability. In many cases, the income
from PES programmes does not reach the poor because of political and economic constraints. Local elite capture of PES benefits
through the monopolization of access to forestland and existing state forestry management are identified as key problems.
We argue that as PES schemes create a market for ecosystem services, such markets must be understood not simply as bald economic
exchanges between ‘rational actors’ but rather as exchanges embedded in particular socio-political and historical contexts
to support the sustainable use of forest resources and local livelihoods in Vietnam. |
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