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Advanced therapeutic modalities in hepatocellular carcinoma: Novel insights |
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| Authors: | Bahare Shokoohian Babak Negahdari Hamidreza Aboulkheyr Es Manuchehr Abedi-Valugerdi Kaveh Baghaei Tarun Agarwal Tapas Kumar Maiti Moustapha Hassan Mustapha Najimi Massoud Vosough |
| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Writing - original draft (supporting);2. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal);4. Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center (KFC), Novum, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge and Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine (BCM, Stockholm, Sweden Contribution: Writing - review & editing (supporting);5. Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Contribution: Writing - review & editing (equal);6. Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Contribution: Writing - review & editing (equal);7. Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center (KFC), Novum, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge and Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine (BCM, Stockholm, Sweden Contribution: Writing - review & editing (equal);8. Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium;9. Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran |
| Abstract: | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer, is usually a latent and asymptomatic malignancy caused by different aetiologies, which is a result of various aberrant molecular heterogeneity and often diagnosed at advanced stages. The incidence and prevalence have significantly increased because of sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, chronic infection with hepatotropic viruses and exposure to aflatoxins. Due to advanced intra- or extrahepatic metastasis, recurrence is very common even after radical resection. In this paper, we highlighted novel therapeutic modalities, such as molecular-targeted therapies, targeted radionuclide therapies and epigenetic modification-based therapies. These topics are trending headlines and their combination with cell-based immunotherapies, and gene therapy has provided promising prospects for the future of HCC treatment. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of current and advanced therapeutic approaches is discussed and the advantages and limitations of each strategy are described. Finally, very recent and approved novel combined therapies and their promising results in HCC treatment have been introduced. |
| Keywords: | gene therapy hepatocellular carcinoma immune checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy molecular-targeted therapy radionuclide therapy |