Acidophilic bacteria and archaea: acid stable biocatalysts and their potential applications |
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Authors: | Sharma Archana Kawarabayasi Yutaka Satyanarayana T |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India;(2) New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), 19F Muza Kawasaki Building, 1310 Omiya-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki Kanagawa, 212-8554, Japan; |
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Abstract: | Acidophiles are ecologically and economically important group of microorganisms, which thrive in acidic natural (solfataric
fields, sulfuric pools) as well as artificial man-made (areas associated with human activities such as mining of coal and
metal ores) environments. They possess networked cellular adaptations to regulate pH inside the cell. Several extracellular
enzymes from acidophiles are known to be functional at much lower pH than the cytoplasmic pH. Enzymes like amylases, proteases,
ligases, cellulases, xylanases, α-glucosidases, endoglucanases, and esterases stable at low pH are known from various acidophilic
microbes. The possibility of improving them by genetic engineering and directed evolution will further boost their industrial
applications. Besides biocatalysts, other biomolecules such as plasmids, rusticynin, and maltose-binding protein have also
been reported from acidophiles. Some strategies for circumventing the problems encountered in expressing genes encoding proteins
from extreme acidophiles have been suggested. The investigations on the analysis of crystal structures of some acidophilic
proteins have thrown light on their acid stability. Attempts are being made to use thermoacidophilic microbes for biofuel
production from lignocellulosic biomass. The enzymes from acidophiles are mainly used in polymer degradation. |
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