Lung cancer in Mayak workers: interaction of smoking and plutonium exposure |
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Authors: | V Jacob P Jacob R Meckbach S A Romanov E K Vasilenko |
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Institution: | (1) GSF—National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;(2) Present address: Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany;(3) Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russian Federation;(4) Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, 456780, Russian Federation |
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Abstract: | Lung cancer mortality among 5058 male workers of the Mayak Production Association has been analyzed with emphasis on the interaction
of smoking and radiation exposure by using the two-step clonal expansion (TSCE) model of carcinogenesis. The cohort consists
of all Mayak workers with known smoking status, who were employed in the period 1948–1972, and who either had the plutonium
concentration in urine measured or who worked in the reactors, where plutonium exposure was negligible. Those who died during
the first two years after the first urine sampling were excluded. The follow-up extended until the end of 1998. During this
time, 2176 workers died, including 244 lung cancer cases. Mayak workers were exposed to external (gamma and neutron) radiation,
and in the radiochemical and plutonium plants to plutonium. In the preferred TSCE model, internal radiation and smoking act
on the clonal expansion of pre-carcinogenic clones. Assuming a plutonium radiation weighting factor of 20, the excess relative
risk per lung dose was estimated to be 0.11 (95% CI: 0.08; 0.17) Sv−1. Most of the lung cancer deaths are found to be due to smoking. The second main factor is the interaction of smoking and
internal radiation. The model is sub-multiplicative in relative risks due to smoking and radiation. In a multiplicative version
of the TSCE model, internal radiation acts on initiation and transformation rates. This model version agrees with conventional
epidemiological risk models, because it also suggests a higher risk estimate than the preferred TSCE model. However, it fits
the data less well than the preferred model.
An erratum to this article can be found at |
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