基于碳排放核算的中国区域旅游业生态效率测度及比较研究

旅游业作为国民经济发展的战略性支柱产业在区域发展中具有重要作用。借鉴生态效率的基本思想,考虑区域能源消费结构差异,使用自下而上的方法将旅游交通、旅游住宿与游憩活动碳排放进行加总估算出2000—2013年中国旅游业碳排放量;接着运用单一比值法计算出2000—2013年中国及各地区旅游业生态效率值,利用变异系数、莫兰指数对测度结果进行分析并与可持续发展生态效率值进行比较。研究结果表明:(1)2000—2013年,中国旅游业碳排放量不断增加,从2000年的1202.71万t增加到2013年的4151.57万t。旅游业部门之间碳排放量差异较大,尤其是旅游交通部门占到旅游业碳排放量的90%左右;(2)得益于2000—2013年旅游业发展的促进政策,中国及各地区旅游业生态效率总体上呈现不断改善的趋势,中国旅游业生态效率由2000年0.1193 kgCO_2-e/$下降到0.0309 kgCO_2-e/$。(3)时间维度上,中国旅游业生态效率的区域不平衡问题仍然存在,相比于2000年旅游业生态效率变异系数0.7114,2013年的变异系数反而增加到0.7483;空间维度上,各地区旅游业生态效率聚集模式发生了明显变化,莫兰指数由0.3036减少到0.0278。(4)通过将测度结果进行比较,中国旅游业自2000年开始进入可持续发展阶段,中国旅游业的整体可持续水平要优于其他产业,各地区的旅游业在2010年全部进入可持续发展状态。最后,对结果进行了讨论并提出旅游业生态效率的优化应从旅游收入增加与旅游业减排两方面进行。

Measuring of tourism eco-efficiency and its comparative research based on carbon emissions

Tourism is a strategic pillar industry for national economic development, which plays an important role in regional development. As an emerging field, tourism eco-efficiency has been an important tool to determine the sustainability of the tourism industry. On the basis of a literature review, large-scale studies measuring tourism eco-efficiency and exploring the results are limited. Limited research has focused on the regional differences of energy consumption when calculating tourism eco-efficiency. In this paper, the total tourism carbon emissions, including transportation, accommodation, and recreational activities in China from 2000 to 2013 were determined using the bottom-up method. In the calculation process, the differences of regional energy consumption structures were considered and eco-efficiency was determined. The tourism eco-efficiency of China and its regions were analyzed using the single ratio method with the calculated carbon emissions data. A coefficient of variation and Moran''s index were used to analyze the total Chinese and provincial eco-efficiency, which could also be compared with the eco-efficiency of global sustainable development. The results showed that:(1) Chinese tourism carbon emissions have increased substantially and its total emissions reached 41.51 million tons in 2013 from 12.02 million tons in 2000. Besides, tourism carbon emission is very different among tourism sectors; the largest source is transportation, which accounts for about 90% of the total; (2) benefiting from policies on the promotion of tourism development from central and local governments, tourism eco-efficiency in China and its regions have improved; the value decreased from 0.1193 kgCO₂-e/$ in 2000 to 0.0309 kgCO₂-e/$ in 2013; (3) over time, based on the coefficient of variation, there was an imbalance in Chinese tourism eco-efficiency, where has increased from 0.7114 in 2000 to 0.7483 in 2013. Regarding spatial variation, there was a remarkable change in cluster patterns of tourism eco-efficiency, where Moran''s index decreased from 0.3036 to 0.0287, which implied the spatial relations of eco-efficiency became weakened; (4) the sustainable development of the Chinese tourism industry has occurred since 2000, and was found to be superior to that of other industries. Moreover since 2010, the tourism industry in all regions of China has been in the sustainable development stage. Finally, the results suggested tourism eco-efficiency could be optimized by not only increasing tourism income, but also reducing tourism carbon emissions.