黄淮平原农业景观鸟类多样性及生境差异

农业景观中的鸟类多样性对生态系统功能和服务的形成与维持具有重要作用。黄淮平原区是我国最重要的农业景观区之一,为探讨区域内农业景观中鸟类多样性特征和不同生境间的差异,在研究区农业景观不同生境中布设样点,调查繁殖期鸟类多样性特征。结果显示:(1)共记录到32科、49属、66种的10044只个体,但优势科属明显;(2)物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度均表现出在沟渠、湖泊生境中较高,农田和村庄生境中相对较低,但物种多度呈现出村庄生境中最高,其次是沟渠和农田生境,湖泊生境中最低;(3)在区系分布上,各生境中均以广布种为主,生态类群上,鸣禽在各生境中均占绝对优势,涉禽和游禽主要分布在沟渠和湖泊生境中,从居留型来看,留鸟是各生境中的主导类群,候鸟、旅鸟和迷鸟比例很低;(4)鸟类群落异质性分析显示,各生境间的相似性总体上较高,表明区域内农业景观中鸟类组成具有较高的重叠性。研究显示农业景观中湖泊和沟渠的存在能有效的提高区域鸟类的丰富度和多样性,而沟渠的存在能有效的提高鸟类个体多度,农田和村庄有助于特定类群多度的增加,因此在未来的区域持续农业景观的构建中一方面要重视自然、半自然非农生境的作用,另一方面也不能忽视不同生物类群对景观异质性响应和对生境特征需求的差异。

Bird diversity during the breeding period in different habitats in an agricultural landscape in the Huang-Huai plain

The diversity of birds in agricultural landscapes plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of ecosystem functions and services. The Huang-Huai plain is among the most important agricultural areas in China. With the continuing expansion of agricultural lands and the intensification of land-use, bird diversity in agricultural landscapes is declining all worldwide. To explore the diversity of birds in different habitats of the agricultural landscape in the Huang-Huai plain, we set up transects across different habitats in this area and investigated bird diversity characteristics during the breeding period. Our results showed that:(1) a total of 10044 individuals in 32 families, 49 genera, and 66 species were recorded; however, several families and genera were obviously dominant. (2) Species richness, diversity, and evenness were all higher in the habitats of ditch and lake, and relatively low in habitats of farmland and village. However, species abundance was highest in the village habitat, followed by ditch and farmland habitats, whereas in the lake habitat it was the lowest. (3) Analysis of faunal distribution showed that cosmopolitan species dominated any given habitat. In terms of ecological groups, the songbirds were the dominant species in all habitats, whereas the waders and swimming-birds were mainly distributed in the ditch and lake habitats. In terms of residence type, however, residents formed the dominant group in all habitats, and migrators, travelers, and stragglers appeared occasionally. (4) The high community similarity among the habitats indicated that bird species compositions were overlapped substantially across habitats in the agricultural landscape. Overall, the habitats of ditch and lake in the agricultural landscape could effectively improve the regional species richness and diversity, and the presence of ditches could further increase the abundance of birds, whereas the habitats of farmland and village may only enhance the abundance of specific bird species. This study emphasized the potential contributions of natural and semi-natural habitats to the construction of a sustainable agricultural landscape in the future; however, the differences in the responses to landscape heterogeneity and habitat requirements of different biological groups should not be ignored.