Relationship between seasonal progression of floral meristem development and <Emphasis Type="Italic">FLOWERING LOCUS T</Emphasis> expression in the deciduous tree <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus crenata</Emphasis>

Estimating the timing of flower bud formation in plants is essential to identify environmental factors that regulate floral transition. The presence of winter dormancy between the initiation of flowers and anthesis, characteristic of most trees in the temperate forests, hampers accurate estimation of the timing of floral transition. To overcome this difficulty, expression levels of flowering-time genes could be used as indicators of the timing of floral transition. Here, we evaluated the usefulness of molecular markers in estimating the timing of floral transition in Fagus crenata, a deciduous tree that shows intermittent and synchronized flowering at the population level. We selected FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) as a candidate molecular marker and quantified the expression levels of its ortholog in F. crenata (FcFT). Subsequently, we analyzed the relationship between morphogenetic changes that occur between the vegetative state of the buds and the initiation of floral organs, and compared the FcFT expression levels in reproductive and vegetative buds, collected from spring to autumn. FcFT expression in leaves peaked at least two weeks before the morphological changes associated with flowering were visible in the buds in late July. FcFT expression levels were significantly higher in the reproductive buds than in the vegetative buds in July. These results suggest that the FcFT expression in July is a reliable indicator of the timing and occurrence of floral transition. This study highlights the utility of molecular tools in unraveling reproductive dynamics in plants, in combination with ecological and physiological approaches.