Spatial distribution of brood-bearing females of limnetic species of Cladocera

In this study, the spatial distribution of brood-bearing females of five species of limnetic cladocerans (Daphnia cucullata, D. longispina, Bosmina coregoni, B. longirostris, Diaphanosoma brachyurum) in the deep mesotrophic lake in relation to the predation pressure of planktivorous fish (roach Rutilus rutilus, perch Perca fluviatilis, catfish Ictalurus nebulosus, white fish Coregonus albula, bleak Alburnus alburnus), and planktonic invertebrates (cyclopoids Mesocyclops leuckartii, Thermocyclops oithonoides, T. crassus, and cladoceran Leptodora kindtii) as well as some environmental variables was estimated. Most cladocerans showed apparent differences in horizontal distribution (ANOVA F = 0.2–0.45, P < 0.05) in the littoral zone and lack of such differences in the pelagic zone (F = 0.07–0.13, P > 0.05). Vertical distribution of most species, in turn, showed a clear pattern in the pelagic zone (F = 0.31–0.39, P < 0.05) and less regularities in the littoral zone (F = 0.15–029, P > 0.05). The differences in spatial distribution of non-predated and predated species suggest that predation pressure, but not predatory type, was an important factor structuring their distribution. Other factors that affected their distribution were conductivity, dissolved oxygen, TOC and macrophyte biomass; however, most of those variables better explained the distribution of brood-bearing cladocerans in the vertical than horizontal aspect.