Flowering phenology and survival of two annual plants Impatiens noli-tangere and Persicaria thunbergii co-occurring in streamside environments |
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Authors: | Mayuko Suzuki Yuhdai Kaya Takahide A. Ishida Kouhei Hattori Kaori Miki Takashi Nakamura Masahito T. Kimura |
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Affiliation: | (1) Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan;(2) Present address: Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Midoricho 1-1-8, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan |
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Abstract: | Flowering phenology of cleistogamous annual plants Impatiens noli-tangere and Persicaria thunbergii was studied with reference to their mortality in streamside environments in northern Japan. I. noli-tangere produced flower-buds and flowers from late June to October, whereas P. thunbergii did so from mid-August to October. Both species were often killed by rapid current and submergence after heavy rainfall, which was unpredictable in the timing and intensity. P. thunbergii was more tolerant to rapid current and submergence than I. noli-tangere. Some individuals of I. noli-tangere were killed by herbivory from sawfly larvae in summer, but P. thunbergii individuals were seldom killed by herbivory. In consequence, the percentage of individuals that survived until the end of September was higher in P. thunbergii than in I. noli-tangere. These situations are assumed to select a long reproductive life in I. noli-tangere and autumn flowering in P. thunbergii. |
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Keywords: | Annual plants Flowering phenology Herbivory Rapid current Submergence Survival |
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