Gi2 signaling enhances proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the developing brain

Our previous study showed that the pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, Gi2, is selectively localized in the ventricular zone of embryonic brains, where the neuroepithelial cells undergo active proliferation. In order to clarify the role of Gi2 in this site, we first administered pertussis toxin by an exo-utero manipulation method into the lateral ventricle of mouse brain at embryonic day 14.5. Examination at embryonic day 18.5 revealed that pertussis toxin-injected embryos had brains with thinner cerebral cortices, made up of fewer constituent cells. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling revealed fewer numbers of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in the cerebral cortices of pertussis toxin-injected embryos, suggesting impaired proliferation of neuroepithelial cells. Next we cultured neural progenitor cells from rat embryonic brains and evaluated the mitogenic effects of agonists for several Gi-coupled receptors that are known to be expressed in the ventricular zone. Among agonists tested, endothelin most effectively stimulated the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in the presence of fibronectin, via the endothelin-B receptor. This was associated with phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and pertussis toxin partially inhibited both endothelin-stimulated DNA synthesis and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Injection of endothelin-3 into the ventricle of embryonic brains increased numbers of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in the cerebral cortex, whereas injection of an endothelin-B receptor antagonist decreased them. These findings indicate that Gi2 mediates signaling from receptors such as the endothelin-B receptor to maintain mitogenic activity in the neural progenitor cells of developing brain.