Exercise tolls the bell for key mediators of low-grade inflammation in dysmetabolic conditions |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milano, Italy;2. Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy;1. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Research Group on Geriatrics, Working Group Nutrition and Body Composition, Berlin, Germany;2. German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Dept. of Nutrition and Gerontology, Germany;3. University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany;1. Department of Kinesiology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA;2. Department of Health, Exercise, And Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA;3. School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA;1. Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany;2. Center for Medical Research, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072 Tübingen, Germany;1. Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA;2. UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA;3. New England GRECC (Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center), VA Boston HealthCare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;4. Division of Aging, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;5. VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;6. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA;7. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;8. Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA;9. Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA;10. Department of Cardiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA;11. Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Florham Park, New Jersey, USA;12. Program for the Care and Study of Aging Heart, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell of Medicine, New York, New York, USA;13. Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA;14. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA;15. Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente, San Jose, California, USA;p. Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louise, Missouri, USA;q. Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;r. The Inova Center of Outcomes Research, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, USA;s. Divisions of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh GRECC, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;t. Division of Cardiology, Duke Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA;1. Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging (LREN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland;2. Clinique la Prairie, Montreux, Switzerland;3. Department of Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Hadassah University Medical Center Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel;4. Genknowme SA, Lausanne, Switzerland;5. Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;6. Gene Predictis SA, Lausanne, Switzerland;7. Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany;1. Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium;2. SMRC – Sports Medical Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium;3. UMSC - University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Metabolic conditions share a common low-grade inflammatory milieu, which represents a key-factor for their ignition and maintenance. Exercise is instrumental for warranting systemic cardio-metabolic balance, owing to its regulatory effect on inflammation. This review explores the effect of physical activity in the modulation of sub-inflammatory framework characterizing dysmetabolic conditions. Regular exercise suppresses plasma levels of TNFα, IL-1β, FFAs and MCP-1, in dysmetabolic subjects. In addition, a single session of training increases the anti-inflammatory IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and muscle-derived IL-6, mitigating low-grade inflammation. Resting IL-6 levels are decreased in trained-dysmetabolic subjects, compared to sedentary. On the other hand, the acute release of muscle-IL-6, after exercise, seems to exert a regulatory effect on the metabolic and inflammatory balance. In fact, muscle-released IL-6 is presumably implicated in fat loss and boosts plasma levels of IL-10 and IL-1ra. The improvement of adipose tissue functionality, following regular exercise, is also critical for the mitigation of sub-inflammation. This effect is likely mediated by muscle-released IL-15 and IL-6 and partly relies on the brown-shifting of white adipocytes, induced by exercise. In obese-dysmetabolic subjects, moderate training is shown to restore gut-microbiota health, and this mitigates the translocation of bacterial-LPS into bloodstream. Finally, regular exercise can lower plasma advanced glycated endproducts. The articulated physiology of circulating mediators and the modulating effect of the pathophysiological background, render the comprehension of the exercise-regulatory effect on sub-inflammation a key issue, in dysmetabolism. |
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| Keywords: | Physical activity Cytokines Skeletal muscle Insulin resistance Adipose tissue Immune cells |
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