Advances in micro-CT imaging of small animals |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Dental Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar;1. 3dmi Research Group, Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece;2. BIOEMTECH, 27 Neapoleos st., Lefkippos Attica Technology Park – N.C.S.R Demokritos, Greece;1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy;2. Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwarterstrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;3. Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy;4. Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;1. Laboratory of Applied Physics to Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Physics Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;2. Laboratory of Computational Intelligence, Federal University of Western Pará, Pará, Brazil;3. Nuclear Engineering Program/COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;4. Laboratory of Herpetology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;1. Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany;2. Clinic of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany;3. German Cancer Consortium, Deutsches Krebsforschungzentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany;4. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg A.ö.R., Magdeburg, Germany;5. Clinic of Radiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany |
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| Abstract: | PurposeMicron-scale computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging is a ubiquitous, cost-effective, and non-invasive three-dimensional imaging modality. We review recent developments and applications of micro-CT for preclinical research.MethodsBased on a comprehensive review of recent micro-CT literature, we summarize features of state-of-the-art hardware and ongoing challenges and promising research directions in the field.ResultsRepresentative features of commercially available micro-CT scanners and some new applications for both in vivo and ex vivo imaging are described. New advancements include spectral scanning using dual-energy micro-CT based on energy-integrating detectors or a new generation of photon-counting x-ray detectors (PCDs). Beyond two-material discrimination, PCDs enable quantitative differentiation of intrinsic tissues from one or more extrinsic contrast agents. When these extrinsic contrast agents are incorporated into a nanoparticle platform (e.g. liposomes), novel micro-CT imaging applications are possible such as combined therapy and diagnostic imaging in the field of cancer theranostics. Another major area of research in micro-CT is in x-ray phase contrast (XPC) imaging. XPC imaging opens CT to many new imaging applications because phase changes are more sensitive to density variations in soft tissues than standard absorption imaging. We further review the impact of deep learning on micro-CT. We feature several recent works which have successfully applied deep learning to micro-CT data, and we outline several challenges specific to micro-CT.ConclusionsAll of these advancements establish micro-CT imaging at the forefront of preclinical research, able to provide anatomical, functional, and even molecular information while serving as a testbench for translational research. |
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| Keywords: | Micro-CT Spectral CT Photon counting detector Preclinical Contrast agents Nanoparticles Theranostics Phase contrast Deep learning |
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